The Edwin Smith Papyrus, one of the most significant ancient Egyptian medical texts, offers invaluable insight into early surgical practices and the understanding of trauma and anatomy. Dating to around 1600 BCE, it is named after Edwin Smith, an American Egyptologist who purchased the papyrus in 1862. Unlike other ancient medical manuscripts, which were often steeped in mysticism, the Edwin Smith Papyrus stands out for its empirical approach, focusing on practical treatments for injuries and surgical procedures based. The text is structured as a series of 48 case studies, primarily addressing traumatic injuries, including fractures, dislocations, wounds, and head injuries, with specific instructions for surgical intervention and wound care. The papyrus provides detailed descriptions of diagnostic procedures, such as palpation and examination, alongside treatments involving suturing, bandaging, and the application of herbal remedies. Notably, it emphasises the use of antiseptic methods, which suggest an early understanding of infection control. The Edwin Smith Papyrus also features rudimentary anatomical knowledge, detailing the structure of bones, muscles, and blood vessels, reflecting the ancient Egyptians' careful observation of the human body. Its significance lies in its clear departure from magical thinking, instead offering a practical, diagnostic approach that influenced the development of surgical practice. The Edwin Smith Papyrus remains a testament to the advanced state of Egyptian medicine and its enduring impact on surgical history, representing the earliest known instance of objective, observation-based medical practice.