Background: Gender and sex bias in medical and surgical education perpetuates inequities in healthcare. Despite some progress toward gender equality in medical education and surgical training in recent years, these biases remain prevalent in clinical research and educational resources, including anatomy textbooks recommended to aspiring surgeons in Australia and New Zealand. Methods: Six key surgical anatomy textbooks recommended to current Australian medical students, junior doctors and surgical trainees were reviewed to assess sex and gender bias in anatomical illustrations of human anatomy, including images in photographic atlases and anatomical illustrations. Sex was assessed based on visible external anatomy or presence of sex organs. Publication dates of the textbooks ranged from 1994-2016. Results: Four out of six anatomy textbooks portrayed a majority of males over females in photographic images and illustrations, all of which were published in the last 10 years. One text had few diagrams which had sex-specific attributes. Only one text consistently portrayed female examples of normal human anatomy in chapters not related to breast or urogenital anatomy. A lack of diversity in age, ethnicity and body type in anatomical illustrations was also noted among all texts. Conclusion: Contemporary anatomy textbooks continue to portray male anatomy as the norm and underrepresent female anatomical photographs and illustrations in non-reproductive anatomy. It is vital that we encourage critical review of surgical education resources and advocate for further representation of female anatomy in new editions of surgical textbooks.