The concept of human head transplantation has long fascinated both the medical community and the public, evoking parallels to Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein", having been explored by several prominent figures over the past century. In 1908, French surgeon Dr. Alexis Carrel and American physiologist Dr. Charles Guthrie conducted an experimental procedure to transplant a donor dog's head onto the neck of a recipient dog. The head remained ischemic for 20 minutes before perfusion was restored. Although the attempt failed, it advanced vessel anastomosis techniques, laying groundwork for future transplant surgery. In the 1970s, Dr Robert White, an American neurosurgeon, performed the first head transplantation in primates. He conducted four cephalosomatic associations between isolated monkey heads and isolated monkey bodies, suturing carotid arteries and jugular veins. Cervical laminectomy was performed between C4 and C6. The monkey survived for 8 days with the restoration of basic senses including smell, taste, healing and motor function. Failure was due to venous congestion and cervical spine transection. In 2017, Italian neurosurgeon Dr Sergio Canavero and Chinese neurosurgeon Dr Xiaoping Ren performed the first cadaveric human head transplant. Steps included firstly anterior spinal stabilisation with a plate then fusion of the two spinal cords with polyethylene glycol glue. Vascular anastomosis between both carotid and jugular vessels were then doner. A spinal cord stimulator is inserted followed by posterior spinal stabilisation. Other surrounding structures are then repaired. Despite advancements, live human head transplants remain unlikely due to significant ethical, psychosocial, and immunological challenges.